Abstract Matrix population models (MPMs) are an important tool for biologists seeking to understand the causes and consequences of variation in vital rates (e.
Abstract Organisms use environmental cues to align their phenology—the timing of life events—with sets of abiotic and biotic conditions that favor the successful completion of their life cycle.
Abstract When plants establish outside their native range, their ability to adapt to the new environment is influenced by both demography and dispersal.
Abstract Elevational gradients have been highly useful for understanding the underlying forces driving variation in plant traits and plant-insect herbivore interactions.
Abstract Plants exhibit a diverse set of functional traits and ecological strategies which reflect an adaptation process to the biotic and abiotic components of the environment.
Abstract Classic research on elevational gradients in plant-herbivore interactions holds that insect herbivore pressure is stronger under the warmer, less seasonal climates characteristic of low elevations, and that this in turn selects for increased defence in low- (relative to high-) elevation plants.